故障树分析在关键基础设施运行可靠性评估中的应用——以供水系统为例（外文翻译）

附录AThe Use of a Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)in theOperatorReliability Assessment of the Critical Infrastructureon theExample of Water Supply SystemKrzysztof Boryczko *Dawid Szpak,Jakub Zywiec'and BarbaraTchorzewska-Cie 'slakAbstractBackground:Specialist literature indicates a large share of the human factoramong the causes of failure of technical systems at the level of 70 to 90%,whichdepends on the sector studied.The collective water supply system is ananthropotechnical system,i.e.,it is a complex connection between man and thetechnical system resulting from the deliberate influence of man on the technicalsystem.Methods:The work presents an assessment of operator reliability of aselected water treatment process based on the fault tree analysis (FTA).Elementary events are determined by the operator's error probability.Results:Afailure tree was prepared for the peak event of the filter station failure,resultingfrom an operator's error during the filter washing procedure.The probability of apeak event occurring is 0.0580.Conclusions:The developed fault tree allows forthe identification of elementary events leading to an emergency event.Theoperator fulfills its task of maintaining the continuity of water treatment.The collective water supply system (CWSS)is an example of ananthropotechnical system and belongs to the so-called critical infrastructurealongside other key systems for the functioning of society and the country,e.g.,energy supply systems.Water supply systems are massive consumers of energy,which is mainly used for water treatment and pumping processes.An efficientlyoperating energy infrastructure is crucial for the safety of water supply to theurban agglomeration and its inhabitants.Due to the fact that the CWSS consistsof several subsystems,the operator's operation has a significant impact onmaintaining their cooperation and ensuring the reliability of CWSS.Thereliability of the operator's work is the ability to perform the assigned tasks witha minimal risk of making a mistake under certain conditions,at any time.Theoperator's reliability assessment is based on data from the observation andarchiving of all kinds of errors,procedural flaws,and faults in decisions made.Inthe work of the operator,the following states can be distinguished:optimal state-the system works properly,the operator supervises thecurrent signals,and makes routine regulation of the system operating parametersThe operator's thought processes are algorithmic (training and operationalpractice).state of minimum loads-occurs in the control process of highlyautomated systems using computer techniques.state of maximum loads-work requires creative thinking,a sense ofresponsibility for mistakes,and postponement of reactions.Specialized trainingand knowledge of emergency scenarios are required.Hazards are the result of a sudden change that results in the loss or damageof technical value.In the opinion of the operator,lack of time and lack or excessof information may cause an emerg