城乡居民基本养老保险制度实施过程中的问题及对策研究

城乡居民基本养老保险制度实施过程中的问题及对策研究摘要随着世界老龄化程度的持续加深，我国社会对养老问题也愈加关注，城乡居民对养老需求不断增加，城乡居民社会养老保险是适合我国现阶段基本国情的健全养老保险制度的民生工程。为了健全完善我国的社会养老保险管理制度，进而尽快在全国范围内全面落实城乡养老保险政策，我国在近几年颁布并实施了一系列的文件草案，先后在不同的地区进行了养老保险政策的试点工作，取得了较为丰硕的实验成果。在2014年，新农保和城居保两项制度正式合并实施，建立起统一的城乡居民养老保险制度。该项制度主要面向非机关事业单位人员及未参加城镇职工基本养老保险制度的城乡居民，以政府补贴、个人缴费、集体补助相结合作为主要资金筹集方式，同时设立多元的缴费标准，参保人可按需对缴费档次进行自由选择。截至2021年底，我国60周岁及以上人口占人口总量的比例为18.7%，65周岁及以上人口占总人口量的比例为13.5%，这一系列数据表明我国已经处于人口老龄化社会。2021年年末，我国城镇化率达到63.89%，城镇化程度的不断加深，促使大量农村劳动力自发或被动到城镇务工，从而使农村人口老龄化这一问题更为突出，农村养老保险制度的需求也随之日益增加。因此，为了城乡居民养老保险制度更好的实施和发展，我们必须转变传统观念，提高自身认识，为养老保险制度扫除障碍、克服壁垒，提供一个好的发展环境，推动建设多层次养老保险体系。本文以城乡居民基本养老保险为研究对象，运用文献综述法、统计分析法、以及归纳演绎法，分析城乡居民养老保险制度统一实施的现状，探究实施过程中存在的问题，提出具体的可行性建议。首先，从基本养老保险参保人数、基金结余规模、需求相关问题、保险体系、支付能力的角度分析我国城乡居民养老保险发展的现状。其次，根据对城乡居民养老保险发展现状的相关数据的分析与整理得到以下研究结果：居民参保意识淡薄，参保积极性低、政府部门间配合不畅，工作效率低、权益未得到有效维护，退保率高涨、地域制度不同，保险关系转移困难、政策立法缺失，养老保险推行不畅等问题。最后，本文针对上述问题提出了相应的政策建议来推动我国城乡居民基本养老保险制度的健康发展。关键词：城乡居民基本养老保险；保费；制度实施II-Research on Problems and Countermeasures in the Implementation ofBasic Old-age Insurance System for Urban and Rural ResidentsAbstractWith the continuous deepening of the aging degree of the world,China's society paysmore and more attention to the pension problem,and the demand for pension for urban andrural residents is increasing.The social pension insurance for urban and rural residents is alivelihood project of improving the pension insurance system suitable for China's basicnational conditions at this stage.In order to improve China's social endowment insurancemanagement system and fully implement the urban and rural endowment insurance policynationwide as soon as possible,China has promulgated and implemented a series of draftdocuments in recent years,carried out pilot work of endowment insurance policy indifferent regions,and achieved fruitful experimental results.In 2014,the two systems ofnew rural insurance and urban housing insurance were officially merged and implemented,and a unified old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents was established.Thesystem is mainly aimed at people outside the basic old-age insurance system for urbanemployees and urban and rural residents.The combination of government subsidies,individual contributions and collective subsidies is the main way to raise funds.At thesame time,multiple payment standards are established,and the insured can freely choosethe payment level as needed.By the end of 2021,China's population that over 60 years oldhave been accounts for about 18.7%,and the population which over 65 years old accountsfor 13.5%.This series of data shows that China has been in an aging society.At the end of2021,China's urbanization rate reached 63.89%.The deepening degree of urbanization hasprompted a large number of rural labor force to work in cities and towns spontaneously orpassively,which makes the problem of rural population aging more prominent,and thedemand for rural old-age insurance system is also increasing.Therefore,in order to betterimplement and develop the old-