福建土楼火灾危险性分析及预防措施研究

福建土楼火灾危险性分析及预防措施研究摘要福建土楼作为中国传统建筑的典型代表，其防火性能及火灾响应措施一直备受关注。现有研究主要集中在建筑材料的防火性能和火灾后果的模拟分析，但在综合考虑火灾隐患评估及预防措施方面仍存在不足。具体来说，当前的研究多采用定性和定量方法评估土楼的防火性能，但在实际应用中，缺乏系统性的火灾隐患全面评估以及有效的预防措施整合。本文通过查询文献了解土楼的建筑特点及材料，常见的起火原因，总结可能存在的火灾隐患，并绘制事故树，再以建筑自身材料未进行防火处理为切入点进行火灾模拟，分析了有无防火涂料条件下土楼的热量分布、能见度变化和一氧化碳浓度，评估了火灾对建筑物和人员的潜在风险。研究发现，火灾主要影响在于热量积累和传播、能见度降低及有害气体生成，特别是在木质结构燃烧后，会产生大量烟雾和有害气体，导致温度和有害气体浓度迅速上升。土楼内部结构复杂，密闭空间限制了烟雾和热量的散发，增加了火灾蔓延的速度和危险性。火灾对居住人员的威肋包括烧伤、热衰竭、一氧化碳中毒及疏散困难等问题。通过全面评估火灾对土楼的影响，本文提出了一系列防火改造建议和应急措施，包括增加防火墙和防火门，安装现代化消防设备如烟雾报警器和自动喷水灭火系统，以及定期进行火灾演习和加强消防知识宣传教育等。这些措施旨在降低火灾风险，提高居民的防火意识和自救能力，保护这一珍贵的文化遗产及其居民的安全。研究为制定有效的火灾预防和应对策略提供了科学依据和实用对策。关键词福建土楼，FDS模拟火灾，事故树分析法Study on Fire Risk Analysis and PreventionMeasures of Fujian TulouAbstractAs a typical representative of traditional Chinese architecture,the fireperformance and fire response measures of Fujian Tulou have been receivingmuch attention.Existing studies mainly focus on the fire performance ofbuilding materials and the simulation analysis of fire consequences,but there arestill deficiencies in the comprehensive consideration of fire hazard assessmentand preventive measures.Specifically,current research mostly adopts qualitativeand quantitative methods to assess the fire performance of tulou,but lacks asystematic and comprehensive assessment of fire hazards as well as theintegration of effective preventive measures in practical applications.In this paper,we queried the literature to understand the architecturalcharacteristics and materials of tulou,common causes of fire,summarized thepossible fire hazards,and drew an accident tree,and then used the lack offireproofing of the building's own materials as an entry point for fire simulationto analyze the heat distribution,visibility changes,and CO concentration oftulou under the conditions of the presence or absence of fireproof coatings,andto assess the potential risk of fire to the building and personnel.It was found thatthe main effects of fire lie in the accumulation and propagation of heat,reduction of visibility and generation of harmful gases,especially after theburning of wooden structures,which generates a large amount of smoke andharmful gases,leading to a rapid increase in temperature and harmful gasconcentration.The complex internal structure of earthen buildings and theconfined space limit the emission of smoke and heat,increasing the speed anddanger of fire spread.The threats of fire to occupants include burns,heatexhaustion,carbon monoxide poisoning and evacuation difficulties.Through acomprehensive assessment of the impact of fire on tulou,this paper proposes aseries of fire prevention retrofit recommendations and contingency measures,including the addition of firewalls and fire doors,the installation of modernizedfirefighting equipment such as smoke alarms and sprinkler systems,as well asthe conduct of regular fire drills and the enhancement of publicity and educationon firefighting knowledge.These measures aim to reduce fire risks,enhanceresidents'awarenes