父母回应性对幼儿依恋预期的影响

父母回应性对幼儿依恋预期的影响摘要现有研究表明，与主要照护者的互动会影响幼儿对他人互动的期望。父母作为幼儿最亲密的照护者，他们的敏感性和回应方式会对幼儿的依恋预期产生一定的影响。当下的依恋研究中多关注到母亲的回应性对幼儿依恋的影响，但是随着家庭结构和家庭教育观念的不断变更，父亲角色在幼儿教养过程中的参与度有了很大的提升，因而加入父亲回应性对幼儿依恋的影响的研究是十分有意义的，能够为当下的家庭教育提供指导性的建议。与前人的研究相比，本研究在关注到母亲回应性对幼儿依恋预期影响的基础上，加入了对父亲回应性对幼儿依恋预期影响的研究，并且希望通过对比得出父亲回应性和母亲回应性对幼儿依恋预期的影响是否相同。共135名来自杭州市3所幼儿园的4-6岁汉族幼儿（男73名）参与了本研究。本研究使用实验法，通过电脑程序PsychoPy-2023.1.0来呈现真人版的哭泣安慰情境，具体情境为一位依恋对象和幼儿在同一间房间里，依恋对象在整理玩具，同时幼儿在旁边阅读绘本，过了一会儿幼儿哭了起来。随即让被试对依恋对象的行为进行预期判断，判断依恋对象是会选择去安慰幼儿，还是不去安慰幼儿选择继续整理玩具。整个实验分为前测阶段、学习阶段和后测阶段三个部分。在前测阶段和后测阶段中，被试需要分别对三类依恋对象的行为进行预期，且被试在选择后不会收到行为反馈。在学习阶段中实验一和实验二分别对父母的回应性进行了操控（父亲不回应，母亲不回应），并且被试在选择后将收到父亲/母亲的行为反馈。本研究将通过分析幼儿对三类依恋对象行为预期的变化，来探究父母回应性对幼儿依恋预期的影响。结果表明，在父亲不回应条件下，4-6岁幼儿会降低对父亲，母亲，老师的依恋预期，其中4岁幼儿对三类依恋对象的预期降低水平较为一致，而5-6岁幼儿表现出了对父亲自身依恋预期的特异性降低，尤其是5岁幼儿，在父亲不回应条件下，这个年龄段的幼儿对教师的依恋预期也大幅下降。这一结果支持了Kochanska关于父亲促进规则内化的结论，同时也印证了5岁左右是儿童开始整合复杂社会信息的时期。而在母亲不回应条件下，4-6岁幼儿会一致地降低对父亲，母亲，老师的依恋预期，这完全符合BowIby的依恋理论中关于“母亲作为首要依恋对象”的核心假设。通过对比可以得出父亲的回应性和母亲的回应性对幼儿对不同依恋对象的依恋预期的影响存在不同，这可能与父亲和母亲在幼儿依恋系统中发挥着不同作用有关。本研究从对不同依恋对象的依恋预期的角度揭示了幼儿如何根据父亲/母亲不回应这个线索来指导自己的依恋预期。这些研究结果表明，随着年龄的增长，幼儿会根据父母的回应性来改变自己的预期，甚至会影响到对其他依恋对象的依恋预期。这启示我们，作为父母，在日常生活中要给予幼儿积极的回应，不能够长期不回应或者冷漠地回应幼儿，否则将影响到幼儿依恋风格的形成，对幼儿的发展造成不利影响。关键词：父母回应性：依恋预期：幼儿依恋ⅱABSTRACTExisting studies have shown that the interaction with primary caregivers will affectchildren's expectations of interaction with others.As the closest caregivers of children,parents'sensitivity and response style will have a certain impact on children's attachment expectation.The current attachment research pays more attention to the influence of mother's responsivenesson children's attachment.However,with the continuous change of family structure and familyeducation concept,the participation of father's role in the process of early childhood educationhas been greatly improved.Therefore,it is very meaningful to add the research on the influenceof father's responsiveness on children's attachment,which can provide guiding suggestions forcurrent family education.Compared with previous studies,this study focuses on the impact ofmother's responsiveness on children's attachment expectation,and adds the research on theimpact of father's responsiveness on children's attachment expectation.A total of 135 Han Chinese children aged 4-6 years old (73 males)from 3 kindergartens inHangzhou participated in this study.This study used experimental methods to present a real-lifecrying comfort scenario through the computer program PsychoPy-2023.1.0,where an attachmentobject and a child are in the same room.The attachment object is organizing toys while the childis reading picture books nearby.After a while,the child starts crying.Immediately,theparticipants were asked to make expected judgments about the behavior of the attachment object,determining whether the attachment object would choose to comfort the child or not and chooseto continue organizing the toys.The entire experiment is divided into three parts:pre-test stage,learning stage,and post test stage.In the pre-te