涉未成年人网络暴力防治现状与改进路径研究

摘要涉未成年人网络暴力已经逐渐成为互联网时代严重威胁未成年人身心健康的突出社会问题，备受社会各界关注。随着未成年人互联网使用的日益普及，网络暴力对其成长环境的负面影响愈发显著，且经过媒体的频繁报道使得公众对该问题的关注度也在持续攀升。我国相继颁布了《未成年人保护法》网络保护专章、《未成年人网络保护条例》以及一系列网络环境治理规定，这些规定明晰了政府、网络平台、学校、家庭等多个防治主体的责任，以此来抑制涉未成年人网络暴力行为，为未成年人打造清朗的网络空间。然而这些政策在实际执行过程中遇到了诸多挑战，当下涉未成年人网络暴力在司法实践和社会治理里依旧存在诸多棘手难题。在责任主体认定方面，未成年人由于自身心智发展尚未成熟，在网络暴力行为中的责任判定较为复杂，监护人在履行网络监管义务以及引导未成年人正确上网方面的责任落实并不理想，网络平台虽被赋予了内容审核与风险防控等职责，但在实际操作中对网络暴力信息的监测及处置仍存在不少漏洞，学校在校园网络安全教育以及校内网暴力事件应急处理方面的责任履行也有欠缺，如此一来各方责任界限模糊不明。涉未成年人网络暴力在法律责任的设定上同样存在不足，比如法律的处罚力度难以对施暴者形成有效的威慑，并且法律矫治手段与未成年人的身心发展特点以及网络行为特性的适配程度很低。此外不同地区在法律责任承担标准上差异过大，缺乏明确和统一的规范标准。这些问题严重阻碍了涉未成年人网络暴力的有效防治并给受害者带来极大身心创伤。基于此，立法部门应当聚焦于建立健全涉未成年人网络暴力的法律规制体系，精准细化不同主体的法律责任并且进一步完善政府、网络平台、学校以及家庭等相关主体在网络暴力事件中的责任认定机制，由此为全方位防治涉未成年人网络暴力提供坚实的保障与明确的指引，助力营造安全和健康的未成年人网络环境。关键词：未成年人：网络暴力：防治主体：追责机制ABSTRACTInternet violence involving minors has gradually become a prominent social problem thatseriously threatens the physical and mental health of minors in the Internet era,and hasattracted the attention of all sectors of society.With the growing popularity of minors'Internetuse,the negative impact of online violence on their growth environment has becomeincreasingly significant,and through frequent media reports,the public's attention to this issuehas also continued to rise.China has successively promulgated the "Law on the Protection ofMinors",the "Regulations on the Protection of Minors on the Internet",and a series ofregulations on the governance of the online environment.These regulations clarify theresponsibilities of multiple prevention and control entities such as the government,onlineplatforms,schools,and families,in order to curb online violence involving minors and create aclear online space for minors.However,these policies have encountered many challenges in theactual implementation process,and there are still many thorny issues in judicial practice andsocial governance regarding online violence involving minors.In terms of determining theresponsible party,due to the immaturity of minors'own mental development,the determinationof responsibility in online violence is relatively complex.The implementation of guardians'responsibilities in fulfilling network supervision obligations and guiding minors to access theinternet correctly is not ideal.Although online platforms are given responsibilities such ascontent review and risk prevention,there are still many loopholes in the monitoring anddisposal of online violence information in practical operations.Schools also lack responsibilityin campus network security education and emergency response to online violence incidents,resulting in unclear boundaries of responsibilities among all parties.There are alsoshortcomings in the establishment of legal responsibility for online violence involving minors,such as the difficulty in effectively deterring perpetrators with the severity of legal punishment,and the low degree of adaptation of legal corrective measures to the physical and mentaldevelopment characteristics of minors